The epoch reference date epoch (origin) of the modern Hebrew calendar (Proleptic Julian calendar).

Hebrew calendarProleptic Julian calendar

Battle of Modon: Genoese fleet under Jean Le Maingre (Marshal Boucicaut) is defeated by the Republic of Venice at Modon in the Peloponnese.

Battle of Modon (1403)Republic of GenoaJean Le MaingreMarshal of FranceRepublic of Venice

French troops comprising 1,000 men at arms landed on Jersey and fought a battle against 3,000 defenders.

Jersey

Uppsala University is inaugurated after receiving its corporate rights from Pope Sixtus IV in February the same year.

Uppsala UniversityPope Sixtus IV

Battle of La Motta: Spanish troops under Ramón de Cardona defeat the Venetians.

Battle of La Motta (1513)Ramón de CardonaRepublic of Venice

Explorer Cabrillo discovers Santa Catalina Island off of the California coast.

Juan Rodríguez CabrilloSanta Catalina Island, California

The Battle of Lepanto is fought, and the Ottoman Navy suffers its first defeat.

Battle of LepantoOttoman Navy

Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day is skipped in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.

Gregorian calendar

The English royal charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay is issued.

Province of Massachusetts Bay

King George III of the United Kingdom issues the Royal Proclamation of 1763, closing aboriginal lands in North America north and west of the Alleghenies to white settlements.

George III of the United KingdomRoyal Proclamation of 1763Alleghenies

American Revolutionary War: The Americans defeat the British in the Second Battle of Saratoga, also known as the Battle of Bemis Heights.

American Revolutionary WarBattle of Bemis Heights

American Revolutionary War: Battle of Kings Mountain: American Patriot militia defeat Loyalist irregulars led by British major Patrick Ferguson in South Carolina.

Battle of Kings MountainPatriot (American Revolution)MilitiaLoyalist (American Revolution)Irregular military

French corsair Robert Surcouf, commander of the 18-gun ship La Confiance, captures the British 38-gun Kent inspiring the traditional French song Le Trente-et-un du mois d'août.

French corsairsRobert Surcouf

The Granite Railway begins operations as the first chartered railway in the U.S.

Granite Railway

Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force in the Peloponnese under General Maison.

Morea expeditionPatrasNicolas Joseph Maison

Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.

William II of the Netherlands

Royal Columbian Hospital (RCH) opens as the first hospital in the Colony of British Columbia

Royal Columbian HospitalColony of British Columbia

American Civil War: Bahia incident: USS Wachusett illegally captures the CSS Florida Confederate raider while in port in Bahia, Brazil in violation of Brazilian neutrality.

American Civil WarBahia incidentUSS Wachusett (1861)CSS Florida (cruiser)Salvador, Bahia

Cornell University holds opening day ceremonies; initial student enrollment is 412, the highest at any American university to that date.

Cornell University

Franco-Prussian War: Siege of Paris: Léon Gambetta flees Paris in a hot-air balloon.

Franco-Prussian WarSiege of Paris (1870-71)Léon Gambetta

Germany and Austria-Hungary sign the "Twofold Covenant" and create the Dual Alliance.

Austria-HungaryDual Alliance (1879)

The Helsinki Stock Exchange sees its first transaction.

Helsinki Stock Exchange

Georgia Tech defeats Cumberland University 222-0 in the most lopsided college football game in American history.

Georgia Institute of TechnologyCumberland University1916 Cumberland vs. Georgia Tech football game

The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland declares independence from the German Empire and forms the Republic of Poland.

Regency Council (Poland)Kingdom of Poland (1916-18)German EmpireSecond Polish Republic

KLM, the flag carrier of the Netherlands, is founded. It is the oldest airline still operating under its original name.

KLMFlag carrier

Andreas Michalakopoulos becomes Prime Minister of Greece for a short period of time.

Andreas MichalakopoulosPrime Minister of Greece

Photius II becomes Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

Photius II of ConstantinopleEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople

Air France is inaugurated, after being formed by a merger of five French airlines.

Air France

World War II: The McCollum memo proposes bringing the United States into the war in Europe by provoking the Japanese to attack the United States.

World War IIMcCollum memo

World War II: The October Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins as United States Marine Corps forces attack Imperial Japanese Army units along the Matanikau River.

Actions along the MatanikauGuadalcanalUnited States Marine CorpsImperial Japanese ArmyMatanikau River