The beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Islamic calendar

Three Roman legates break relations between Western and Eastern Christian Churches through the act of placing an invalidly-issued Papal bull of Excommunication on the altar of Hagia Sophia during Saturday afternoon divine liturgy. Historians frequently describe the event as the start of the East-West Schism.

LegatusWestern ChristianityEastern ChristianityPapal bullExcommunication

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: After Pope Innocent III calls European knights to a crusade, forces of Kings Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal defeat those of the Berber Muslim leader Almohad, thus marking a significant turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain.

Battle of Las Navas de TolosaPope Innocent IIICrusadesAlfonso VIII of CastileSancho VII of Navarre

Richard II of England is crowned.

Richard II of England

The first banknotes in Europe are issued by the Swedish bank Stockholms Banco.

BanknoteStockholms Banco

Manchu Qing dynasty naval forces under traitorous commander Shi Lang defeat the Kingdom of Tungning in the Battle of Penghu near the Pescadores Islands.

Qing dynastyShi LangKingdom of TungningBattle of PenghuPenghu

Father Junípero Serra founds California's first mission, Mission San Diego de Alcalá. Over the following decades, it evolves into the city of San Diego, California.

Junípero SerraCaliforniaMission San Diego de AlcaláSan Diego

American Revolutionary War: Light infantry of the Continental Army seize a fortified British Army position in a midnight bayonet attack at the Battle of Stony Point.

American Revolutionary WarLight infantryContinental ArmyBritish ArmyBattle of Stony Point

The District of Columbia is established as the capital of the United States after signature of the Residence Act.

Washington, D.C.Residence Act

The city of La Paz, in what is today Bolivia, declares its independence from the Spanish Crown during the La Paz revolution and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo.

La PazBoliviaMonarchy of SpainLa Paz revolutionPedro Domingo Murillo

Antonio María Claret y Clará founds the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, popularly known as the Claretians in Vic, in the province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Antonio María Claret y ClaráClaretiansVicBarcelonaCatalonia

American Civil War: At the order of President Abraham Lincoln, Union troops begin a 25-mile march into Virginia for what will become the First Battle of Bull Run, the first major land battle of the war.

American Civil WarAbraham LincolnVirginiaFirst Battle of Bull Run

American Civil War: David Farragut is promoted to rear admiral, becoming the first officer in United States Navy to hold an admiral rank.

David FarragutRear admiralUnited States Navy

Persian Constitutional Revolution: Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar is forced out as Shah of Persia and is replaced by his son Ahmad Shah Qajar.

Persian Constitutional RevolutionMohammad Ali Shah QajarAhmad Shah Qajar

John Robertson Duigan makes the first flight of the Duigan pusher biplane, the first aircraft built in Australia.

John Robertson DuiganDuigan pusher biplane

Henry James becomes a British citizen to highlight his commitment to Britain during the first World War.

Henry James

First Order of the Arrow ceremony takes place and the Order of the Arrow is founded to honor American Boy Scouts who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law.

Order of the Arrow

Augusto César Sandino leads a raid on U.S. Marines and Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional that had been sent to apprehend him in the village of Ocotal, but is repulsed by one of the first dive-bombing attacks in history.

Augusto César SandinoOcotalDive bomber

Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first constitution of Ethiopia.

Emperor of EthiopiaHaile Selassie1931 Constitution of Ethiopia

The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Parking meterOklahoma City

Joe DiMaggio hits safely for the 56th consecutive game, a streak that still stands as a MLB record.

Joe DiMaggioMajor League Baseball

Holocaust: Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv): The government of Vichy France orders the mass arrest of 13,152 Jews who are held at the Winter Velodrome in Paris before deportation to Auschwitz.

The HolocaustVel' d'Hiv RoundupVichy FranceMass arrestVélodrome d'hiver

World War II: The heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis leaves San Francisco with parts for the atomic bomb "Little Boy" bound for Tinian Island.

World War IIHeavy cruiserUSS Indianapolis (CA-35)Little BoyTinian

Manhattan Project: The Atomic Age begins when the United States successfully detonates a plutonium-based test nuclear weapon near Alamogordo, New Mexico.

Manhattan ProjectAtomic AgeTrinity (nuclear test)PlutoniumNuclear weapon

Following token resistance, the city of Nazareth, revered by Christians as the hometown of Jesus, capitulates to Israeli troops during Operation Dekel in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

NazarethJesusIsraelOperation Dekel1948 Arab-Israeli War

The storming of the cockpit of the Miss Macao passenger seaplane, operated by a subsidiary of the Cathay Pacific Airways, marks the first aircraft hijacking of a commercial plane.

Miss MacaoCathay PacificAircraft hijacking

Chaplain-Medic massacre: American POWs are massacred by North Korean Army.

Chaplain-Medic massacre

King Leopold III of Belgium abdicates in favor of his son, Baudouin I of Belgium.

Leopold III of BelgiumBaudouin of Belgium

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus closes its last "Big Tent" show in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; due to changing economics all subsequent circus shows will be held in arenas.

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey CircusPittsburgh

The Mont Blanc Tunnel linking France and Italy opens.

Mont Blanc Tunnel