After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra.

Egypt (Roman province)OctavianMarcus Antonius AntyllusMark AntonyCaesarion

Ludi Volcanalici are held within the temple precinct of Vulcan, and used by Augustus to mark the treaty with Parthia and the return of the legionary standards that had been lost at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.

LudiVulcan (mythology)AugustusParthiaAquila (Roman)

Gothic king Radagaisus is executed after he is defeated by Roman general Stilicho and 12,000 "barbarians" are incorporated into the Roman army or sold as slaves.

GothsRadagaisusSiege of Florence (405)StilichoLate Roman army

Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic - Scirian foederati), is proclaimed rex Italiae ("King of Italy") by his troops.

OdoacerHeruliSciriiFoederatiKing of Italy

Abu Bakr dies at Medina and is succeeded by Umar I who becomes the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Abu BakrMedinaUmarCaliphRashidun Caliphate

Siege of Jerusalem: The city's citadel, the Tower of David, surrenders to Khwarezmian Empire.

Siege of Jerusalem (1244)Tower of DavidHistory of Jerusalem (Middle Ages)Khwarezmian Empire

Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.

Battle of TagliacozzoCharles of AnjouGhibellinesConradinHohenstaufen

Sir William Wallace is executed for high treason at Smithfield, London.

William WallaceHigh treasonSmithfield, London

Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.

Battle of Cassel (1328)Flemish people

Siege of Moscow: The Golden Horde led by Tokhtamysh lays siege to the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Siege of Moscow (1382)Golden HordeTokhtamyshGrand Duchy of Moscow

The Battle of Chaldiran ends with a decisive victory for the Sultan Selim I, Ottoman Empire, over the Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty.

Battle of ChaldiranSelim IOttoman EmpireShah Ismail ISafavid dynasty

Christian II of Denmark is deposed as king of Sweden and Gustav Vasa is elected regent.

Christian II of DenmarkKing of SwedenGustav I of SwedenRegent

French explorer Jacques Cartier lands near Quebec City in his third voyage to Canada.

Jacques CartierQuebec City

French Wars of Religion: Mob violence against thousands of Huguenots in Paris results in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.

French Wars of ReligionHuguenotSt. Bartholomew's Day massacre

Long Turkish War: Wallachian prince Michael the Brave confronts the Ottoman army in the Battle of Călugăreni and achieves a tactical victory.

Long Turkish WarWallachian princeMichael the BraveOttoman EmpireBattle of Călugăreni

Battle of Gifu Castle: The eastern forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the western Japanese clans loyal to Toyotomi Hideyori, leading to the destruction of Gifu Castle and serving as a prelude to the Battle of Sekigahara.

Battle of Gifu CastleTokugawa IeyasuSengoku periodToyotomi HideyoriGifu Castle

Fettmilch Uprising: Jews are expelled from Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire, following the plundering of the Judengasse.

Fettmilch UprisingFrankfurtHoly Roman EmpireFrankfurter Judengasse

George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.

George Villiers, 1st Duke of BuckinghamDuke of BuckinghamJohn Felton (assassin)

Colonel George Monck of the English Army forms Monck's Regiment of Foot, which will later become the Coldstream Guards.

George Monck, 1st Duke of AlbemarleEnglish ArmyColdstream Guards

Battle of Sobota: The Swedish Empire led by Charles X Gustav defeats the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Battle of SobotaSwedish EmpireCharles X GustavPolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Edirne event: Sultan Mustafa II of the Ottoman Empire is dethroned.

Edirne eventMustafa IIOttoman Empire

American Revolutionary War: King George III delivers his Proclamation of Rebellion to the Court of St James's stating that the American colonies have proceeded to a state of open and avowed rebellion.

American Revolutionary WarGeorge III of the United KingdomProclamation of RebellionCourt of St James'sThirteen Colonies

Western North Carolina (now eastern Tennessee) declares itself an independent state under the name of Franklin; it is not accepted into the United States, and only lasts for four years.

North CarolinaTennesseeState of Franklin

Napoleon I of France leaves Egypt for France en route to seizing power.

NapoleonEgypt

At the Battle of Großbeeren, the Prussians under Von Bülow repulse the French army.

Battle of GroßbeerenOld PrussiansFriedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow

Nat Turner's slave rebellion is suppressed.

Nat Turner's slave rebellion

The United Kingdom captures Hong Kong as a base as it prepares for war with Qing China. The ensuing three-year conflict will later be known as the First Opium War.

Qing dynastyFirst Opium War

The Union Navy captures Fort Morgan, Alabama, thus breaking Confederate dominance of all ports on the Gulf of Mexico except Galveston, Texas.

Union NavySiege of Fort MorganConfederate States of AmericaGulf of MexicoGalveston, Texas

Austro-Prussian War ends with the Treaty of Prague.

Austro-Prussian WarPeace of Prague (1866)

Mount Vesuvius begins stirring, on the feast day of Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.

Mount VesuviusVulcan (mythology)Roman god