Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.

Caesar's Civil WarBattle of PharsalusJulius CaesarPompeyPharsalus

Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths. Valens is killed along with over half of his army.

Gothic War (376-382)Battle of AdrianopleRoman EmpireValensVisigoths

Construction of the campanile of the Cathedral of Pisa (now known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa) begins; it will take two centuries to complete.

CampanileCathedral of PisaLeaning Tower of Pisa

Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop.

Roman Catholic Diocese of QuilonChristianity in IndiaPope John XXIIJordanus

Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503): The Ottomans capture Methoni, Messenia.

Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503)Methoni, Messenia

The First Anglo-Powhatan War begins in colonial Virginia.

Anglo-Powhatan WarsColony of Virginia

Napoleon annexes Westphalia as part of the First French Empire.

NapoleonWestphaliaFirst French Empire

Indian Wars: The Creek sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, giving up huge parts of Alabama and Georgia.

Indian WarsCreek peopleTreaty of Fort JacksonAlabamaGeorgia (U.S. state)

Louis Philippe becomes the king of the French following abdication of Charles X.

Louis Philippe

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.

Webster-Ashburton TreatyRocky Mountains

Henry David Thoreau publishes Walden.

Henry David ThoreauWalden

American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain: At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope.

American Civil WarBattle of Cedar MountainCulpeper County, VirginiaConfederate States of AmericaStonewall Jackson

Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole: A small band of Nez Percé Indians clash with the United States Army

Indian WarsBattle of the Big HoleNez Perce peopleUnited States Army

Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph.

Thomas EdisonPatentTelegraphy

Glider pioneer Otto Lilienthal dies in a fatal crash.

Otto LilienthalOtto Lilienthal

Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Edward VIIAlexandra of DenmarkUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The first Boy Scout encampment concludes at Brownsea Island in southern England.

Boy ScoutBrownsea Island Scout campBrownsea Island

Start of the Battle of Mulhouse, part of a French attempt to recover the province of Alsace and the first French offensive of World War I.

Battle of MulhouseAlsaceWorld War I

A train robbery takes place in Kakori, near Lucknow, India

Kakori train robberyKakoriLucknow

Betty Boop makes her cartoon debut in Dizzy Dishes.

Betty BoopDizzy Dishes

Summer Olympic Games: Games of the XI Olympiad: Jesse Owens wins his fourth gold medal at the games.

Summer Olympic Games1936 Summer OlympicsJesse OwensGold medal

World War II: Battle of Savo Island: Allied naval forces protecting their amphibious forces during the initial stages of the Battle of Guadalcanal are surprised and defeated by an Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser force.

World War IIBattle of Savo IslandAllies of World War IIBattle of GuadalcanalImperial Japanese Navy

The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey Bear for the first time.

United States Forest ServiceSmokey Bear

Continuation War: The Vyborg-Petrozavodsk Offensive, the largest offensive launched by Soviet Union against Finland during the Second World War, ends to a strategic stalemate. Both Finnish and Soviet troops at the Finnish front dug to defensive positions, and the front remains stable until the end of the war.

Continuation WarVyborg-Petrozavodsk Offensive

World War II: Nagasaki is devastated when an atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped by the United States B-29 Bockscar. Thirty-five thousand people are killed outright, including 23,200-28,200 Japanese war workers, 2,000 Korean forced workers, and 150 Japanese soldiers.

NagasakiAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and NagasakiNuclear weaponFat ManB-29 Superfortress

The Red Army invades Japanese-occupied Manchuria.

Red ArmySoviet invasion of Manchuria

South Kasai secedes from the Congo.

South KasaiRepublic of the Congo (Léopoldville)

Singapore is expelled from Malaysia and becomes the only country to date to gain independence unwillingly.

SingaporeHistory of the Republic of SingaporeMalaysia

Followers of Charles Manson murder pregnant actress Sharon Tate (wife of Roman Polanski), coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Polish actor Wojciech Frykowski, men's hairstylist Jay Sebring and recent high-school graduate Steven Parent.

Charles MansonSharon TateRoman PolanskiCoffeeAbigail Folger

The Troubles: The British Army in Northern Ireland launches Operation Demetrius. Hundreds of people are arrested and interned, thousands are displaced, and twenty are killed in the violence that followed.

The TroublesNorthern IrelandOperation DemetriusInternment