Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.

PharaohCleopatra VIIEgyptCaesarion

Cicero launches the first of his Philippicae (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them over the following months.

CiceroPhilippicaeMark Antony

Final War of the Roman Republic: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

Final War of the Roman RepublicBattle of ActiumAugustusMark AntonyCleopatra

The Treaty of Jaffa is signed between Richard I of England and Saladin, leading to the end of the Third Crusade.

Treaty of JaffaRichard I of EnglandSaladinThird Crusade

The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.

Castro, LazioPope Innocent XWars of Castro

The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days, destroying 10,000 buildings including St Paul's Cathedral.

Great Fire of LondonSt Paul's Cathedral

Great Britain adopts the Gregorian calendar, nearly two centuries later than most of Western Europe.

Gregorian calendarWestern Europe

The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.

United States Department of the Treasury

During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic Church bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.

September MassacresFrench RevolutionRoman Catholic ChurchBishopPriest

A massive landslide destroys the town of Goldau, Switzerland, killing 457.

Goldau

The Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon.

Royal NavyBattle of Copenhagen (1807)Napoleon

The Tianjing incident takes place in Nanjing, China.

Tianjing incidentNanjing

American Civil War: United States President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.

American Civil WarAbraham LincolnUnited StatesGeneral officerGeorge B. McClellan

American Civil War: Union forces enter Atlanta, a day after the Confederate defenders flee the city, ending the Atlanta Campaign.

AtlantaConfederate States of AmericaAtlanta Campaign

Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, marries Masako Ichijō. The Empress consort is thereafter known as Lady Haruko.

Emperor MeijiQueen consort

Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan: Prussian forces take Napoleon III of France and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner.

Franco-Prussian WarBattle of SedanPrussiaNapoleon III of France

Rock Springs massacre: In Rock Springs, Wyoming, 150 white miners, who are struggling to unionize so they could strike for better wages and work conditions, attack their Chinese fellow workers killing 28, wounding 15 and forcing several hundred more out of town.

Rock Springs massacreRock Springs, WyomingOverseas Chinese

Battle of Omdurman: British and Egyptian troops defeat Sudanese tribesmen and establish British dominance in Sudan.

Battle of OmdurmanSudan

Vice President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.

Theodore RooseveltBig Stick ideologyMinnesota State Fair

Arthur Rose Eldred is awarded the first Eagle Scout award of the Boy Scouts of America.

Arthur Rose EldredEagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)Boy Scouts of America

World War II: Following the start of the invasion of Poland the previous day, the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) is annexed by Nazi Germany.

Invasion of PolandFree City of DanzigGdańskNazi Germany

World War II: Combat ends in the Pacific Theater: The Japanese Instrument of Surrender is signed by Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu and accepted aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

Pacific WarJapanese Instrument of SurrenderMinister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)Mamoru ShigemitsuUSS Missouri (BB-63)

Vietnam declares its independence, forming the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

VietnamNorth Vietnam

The Interim Government of India is formed, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru as Vice President with the powers of a Prime Minister.

Interim Government of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru

President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam becomes the first foreign head of state to make a state visit to Australia.

Ngô Đình DiệmSouth VietnamNgo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia

United States Air Force C-130A-II is shot down by fighters over Yerevan in Armenia when it strays into Soviet airspace while conducting a sigint mission. All crew members are killed.

United States Air ForceC-130A-II1958 C-130 shootdown incidentYerevanSoviet Union

The first election of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration, in history of Tibet. The Tibetan community observes this date as Democracy Day.

Parliament of the Central Tibetan AdministrationHistory of Tibet

CBS Evening News becomes U.S. network television's first half-hour weeknight news broadcast, when the show is lengthened from 15 to 30 minutes.

CBS Evening News

Operation OAU begins during the Nigerian Civil War

Operation OAUNigerian Civil War

NASA announces the cancellation of two Apollo missions to the Moon, Apollo 15 (the designation is re-used by a later mission), and Apollo 19.

NASACanceled Apollo missionsApollo programApollo 15Canceled Apollo missions